Only one company, Publicis, shows a perfect parity between men and women. "The Lady-boom run out of steam already?" Asks Caroline to Marnierre, president of Capitalcom by identifying the number of women who will be entering this year in these boards. A total of 17 women will be appointed at general meetings of shareholders, which is twice less than in 2011 (33 women), according Capitalcom. "The 2012 vintage is characterized by a marked weakening of the dynamics observed in 2011," the study said. "Increasing diversity is mainly due to the increased number of women holding more money."

Slow progress

The law provides that Cope-Zimmerman boards must include 20% women by 2014 and 40% in 2017. She timidly begins to bear fruit: the board will count 23.4% women on average this year, against 20.8% in 2011 and only 8.5% in 2007! And 27 major groups on the French side have already fulfilled their obligations for 2014.

In a quarter of them, the rate of mixing is even greater than 30% (BNP Paribas, Bouygues, Credit Agricole, Publicis, PPR, Safran, Societe Generale, Total, Vallourec and Vivendi). Although still scarce, women are increasingly involved in the boards, the study notes, which is "evolution in the number of women who chair a committee (33%)."

Who are they? They averaged 55 years and are mostly French (63.64%). The CAC 40 also account for 7.3% and 6.4% American administrators of the British.

Despite little progress this year, the mix of boards should gain ground in the future. Especially since the European Commission intends to introduce quotas for women on boards of directors and supervisory boards.

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Employers can say a big thank you to the Social Chamber of the Court of Cassation. The judges of the highest court in the French judicial system will in fact reject the judgment of the Court of Appeal of Paris in September 2010 had invalidated the social editor of a banking software, Viveo the grounds a lack of economic incentive. "This decision could not be clearer, says Malik Douaoui, partner in employment law at Taj. The lack of economic incentive does not justify the invalidation of the redundancy. Its validity is independent of the reason for dismissal. "Even in terms of Virginia Devos, a partner for his share in August & Debouzy:" We had a sword of Damocles that the magistrates of the Supreme Court have raised strictly applying the current law. Their commentary is clear: it can not have judgment without text. "

Current legislation does not in fact authorizes a judge to cancel, before it was implemented, a social plan for any reason whatsoever. The only people qualified to vote are the industrial tribunal that councilors may have to decide, ex post, the lack of or inadequate backup plans implemented. And with this, the key, generally, heavy damage compensation as a benefit for employees who brought the case to court. "This decision removes the freedom of judges to interfere in the a priori social plans", and welcomes Nicolas Sauvage, member of the influential lawyers' union in labor law, Avosial, which in February had alerted all the presidential candidates on this sensitive issue during an election law to dismissal on line pay day loans.

"This decision does not alter the political debate of layoffs but said equity rule the legal issue," says Devos, however, Virginia. In due. Francois Hollande has indeed committed, in a letter to the union Avosial mid April, if elected to make "an appropriate response" to social plans "of pure convenience announced by successful companies" while acknowledging that they represented only a tiny minority of cases in France. "We are not immune to the legislature shortly text files to allow judges to interfere in the management of enterprises and thus thwart the decision of the Court of Cassation," Devos fears Virginia. 'E wish them courage to write this text especially good for the principle of free enterprise under pain of being censored, as in 2002, by the Constitutional Council, "abounds Nicolas Sauvage. "The whole question is about the place we want to give judges in controlling redundancy plans," explains Malik Douaoui. There is therefore perhaps not heard the last of this case Viveo

.

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One hundred days after his inauguration, Mariano Rajoy faces Thursday its first general strike in Spain. "Hundred Days, hardly!" Are offended tenors of the Popular Party (PP, right), the formation of the head of government. "The strike, finally!" Meet the basics of trade unions, eager to do battle. For the past three months, government and workers' representatives to look into daggers.

In recent weeks, Comisiones Obreras (CCOO) and the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), the two largest unions in the country, have organized two events before calling a general strike. The leaders admitted bluntly: it was first to count.

In the crosshairs of unions, labor market reform, adopted by decree on February 9 and described as "extremely aggressive" … by the minister of the economy itself!

Javier Doz, Head of International Relations of CCOO, summarizes the two main objections to the reform: "First, this law flexibilized layoffs and cuts costs. Second, it greatly weakens collective bargaining. "The government says it is to encourage hiring by offering less restrictive labor contracts. The argument is scanned by Doz: "Since the adoption of the decree, unemployment has continued to grow."

"A stroke of genius!"

The executive, in turn, paved the way. A short sentence illustrates this perfectly. It was in Brussels on 31 January. Mariano Rajoy attended his first European Council. Prior to opening the meeting, he met with his Finnish counterpart and brags: "The reform of labor law will cost me a general strike!" Rajoy then displays a satisfied smile. Barely a month after taking office, the standoff between the government and unions had already begun.

"A stroke of genius!" Can not help admiring Pablo López Calle, professor of sociology of work at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. "It's Rajoy himself who called a general strike! It presents the mobilization as a sign of his political identity, "he decrypts. Proof of its determination, in short.

For unions, in any case, the day will be a test. In a country affected by an unemployment rate of 23%, fear of losing his job well anesthesia claims. For several weeks, unions must also defuse a series of controversies echoed by the conservative press. A leader of UGT, for example, was accused of receiving tens of thousands of dollars from the Caja Madrid, a savings bank the largest in the country. In reality, the money is paid to each member of the Board and shall be returned to the union. "This is a campaign to discredit us," considers Doz, denouncing "personal insults".

The challenges of Spain

Mistrust vis-à-vis trade unions, however, goes beyond the usual political divisions. During the demonstration on 19 February, for example, indignant movement of May 15 had joined the workers' representatives. But these indignados had organized their own parade. "Thanks for coming!" They sang at the CCOO and UGT. One way to criticize the supposed slowness of their response. "¡No representan our" ("They do not represent us!") Cried others, usually reserved for a political slogan.

Conversely, unions are wary of calls from the foot of the Socialist Party (PSOE). The leader of the PSOE, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, does not hide his strategy: "The PP has shown with the bishops (an allusion to the protests against gay marriage or abortion), we, we demonstrate with the unions." These latter, however, still marked by the austerity measures of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, the Socialist prime minister post. "In recent events, says Lopez, union leaders have done everything to prevent the Socialists are at the forefront." The Socialists, requinqués by an unexpected election victory last Sunday in Andalusia, intend to transform the test.

Beyond the likely battle between unions and government figures, the point lies elsewhere. Condenses into a general strike the next day challenges of Spain. On the one hand, the government Rajoy wants to kill the rebellion in the bud, establish his austerity program and ensure social peace by force of his majority. The other, the parliamentary opposition and trade union seeks to rise from the ashes.

SNCF is mobilizing to appease the discontent of its users. It has just six new commitments, collectively called "guaranteed trip", to improve the service provided to them. Applicable on March 31 and the TGV intercity trains, the new device, designed with consumer groups, will have a budget of 50 million euros.

The "guarantee travel" includes minimizing the impact of the delays complained of increasingly frequent travelers. In case of delay of over an hour and whatever the cause, the SNCF is committed to providing its passengers two options: either full and immediate refund of the return ticket, or can borrow another train at the same price within 48 hours. In the event of contingencies, the SNCF to fund those it has not been resolved transport travel by taxi or a hotel room.  

History of punctuality

The railway company will also make an effort in terms of information. To help customers make their transport choices knowingly, the site will release a historic infolignes.com punctuality of trains and intercity TGV last 60 days. The exact cause delays of more than 15 minutes will also be shown the next day on the internet.

In an interview in Le Parisien – Aujourd'hui en France, the CEO of SNCF Voyages, Barbara Dalibard, said that more work will be provided to inform travelers of their late train, by SMS or email. For this, 30,000 field workers will be equipped with smartphones that will allow them to trace information more easily.

A new "guaranteed seat" finally improve the service offered to passengers overbooked. The skipper will help them find a place, and if necessary outperform the first class. If no seat is still available, the station will offer the customer who had to make his journey standing financial compensation "in the form of travel vouchers of 10 €, 20 € or 30 €.

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Groupama, Peugeot, Veolia … Many major brands have recently announced a willingness to reduce or completely cut their investments in sports marketing. Yet this phenomenon remain marginal. This is certainly what seems to believe Sporsora, the association of those involved in sports economics, which will publish March 29 at the second conference of the economy of Sport *, the results of its study on the sponsorship of companies.  

Dubbed "Sport in corporate strategy: vision and perception" and carried on the Internet in February 5000 with a major French advertisers file, it brings together the experiences of sponsoring 150 largest advertisers in the Hexagon.

The confidence shown by the marks in the virtues of sports marketing is clear: a large majority of them (68%), in the sponsoring of a component as "full" of their business strategy, and 80% a specific budget dedicated to the promotion of their fame. Better: in times of crisis, and at the hour of streamlining budgets, 61% of advertisers are predicting an increase or stability of these budgets, and 66% of those who already use these modes of communication they retain their confidence, despite the crisis pay day advance.

Distinction sponsorship and patronage

Two thirds of respondents say also that in times of difficulties, it is important to maintain or strengthen sponsorship and patronage. Indeed, 76% say that these channels are different from other types of expressions. Last important lesson of the study, at a time when the concept of return on investment becomes more important as advertisers well distinguished sponsorship sponsorship. For 60% of respondents, the first concept is clearly seen as a mode of communication, and for 62% of them, patronage is identified as an expression of citizenship.

* Dedicated to "The economics of sport in times of crisis, to new growth models." March 29 from 8:30 to 16:30 at the MEDEF headquarters in Paris.

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Four years after the return at the helm of Jean-Paul Baudecroux, indicators of the NRJ Group are green. The station NRJ has returned to the second radio station in France and the pole made of TV NRJ 12, NRJ Paris, NRJ Hits has reached equilibrium. In 2011, NRJ Group posted a turnover of 377.5 million euros (+9.9%) and net profit of EUR 45.6 million (41.2%).

LE FIGARO. – In 2011, the results of NRJ Group rebounded. The dark years are erased?

John Paul BAUDECROUX. – This is the result of hard work on our four radio stations and our television. The sales grew faster than the market thanks to the work of our national and local advertising. Finally, careful management has allowed the net to rebound by 41%.

NRJ can it become the first radio station in France?

We aim to exceed legitimate RTL. I dream that the first radio station in France is French. NRJ collects 6 million listeners a day and all of our stations cumulative 12.13 million listeners per day. The bulk of the work of registration stations has been done and now there are some settings that will bear fruit in one year. On the station NRJ, all our slots have grown and Cauet, in the second season, capitalizing on its success. The morning of Manu made good scores and produce its full effect next season. He signed a contract for two seasons.

After seven years, the television division is finally balanced?

If the end of the year was better, the television division would have made money instead of just at equilibrium. Our channel NRJ Hits became the first music channel on cable and satellite and NRJ 12 is now the third TNT channel, behind TMC and W9 with an audience share of 3.8% on the target of 15-34 years.

Finally, you win money, why would reinvest in a new DTT channel?

Because I like to develop projects and we are not here to make financial transactions on the frequencies. As entrepreneurs, we prefer to construct heritage assets online payday loan lenders. If the Higher Audiovisual Council gives us an additional string, we will invest 110 million euros over five years. But that will strengthen our position in the advertising market. And, more importantly, it will devote our role as the fourth operator private broadcasting French. NRJ 12 already, we just launched the production of a daily French fiction whose 1st release is planned in September. The CSA has the option, giving us a new DTT channel, to rebalance the French media landscape in terms of advertising support for audiovisual production and pluralism around four main actors sound and sustainable.

You have submitted three projects announced chains but you have a preference for Darling HD. Why?

The President of the CSA and a counselor I have questioned my preference and I answered with complete transparency. But if the CSA gives us another channel, we will accept it as our three projects-My NRJ, Chérie Nosta TV and HD are all worthy projects. However, Cherie HD, feminine chain, a target audience of 25 to 49, which corresponds to that already addressed by our advertising. This will allow then to consolidate his power. Above all, we believe that our chain is the female who best meets the public expectations on TNT.

Your broadcasting subsidiary Towercast is it still for sale?

Towercast, which ensures the broadcasting of digital radio and television, thrives, conquered about 20% market share and posted strong profitability. And with the arrival of six new DTT channels in high definition, the broadcast market will continue to rise. We hope to enjoy. However, this asset is not in our heart of business and if an investor offers us a good price, I will examine the proposal.

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Three major operators compete around the 4G brings the Internet broadband mobility to exchange emails in the blink of an eye, watching videos or surfing the Web at home. Verizon, AT & T Wireless emphasize that LTE (Long Term Evolution). In early summer, Sprint will join the battle overseas.

After saturation of services in New York and California, customers are opting for a more reliable service. U.S. operators had invested less than their European counterparts for the previous generation of mobile telephony. "There is a change in leadership. There are four or five years, European operators dominated the mobile technologies. Now, operators in the United States have adopted and deployed the LTE, "says Wim Sweldens, president of the mobile division of Alcatel-Lucent.

Of some 6.4 million users worldwide LTE end of 2011, 63% of Verizon customers in the U.S., notes the firm Informa. They should represent 428 million customers at end 2016, representing 6% of mobile users worldwide, said the company Juniper Research. 4G is a boon to increase average revenue per customer. AT & T and Verizon offer commercial offers between 40 and 50 dollars a month for data only, not to mention the basic subscription between 20 and 30 dollars. In France, "we want to be ahead of our competitors for the deployment of 4G," says Stéphane Richard, CEO of France Telecom, who refuses to indicate when it will launch its service for the benefit of surprise. Orange is expected no earlier than the end of the year and most likely in 2013.

Sign that the market takes off, the number of terminals available is increasing rapidly. Last year, the only facilities were proposed to connect the USB to connect a PC 4G, Huawei launched by the Chinese and the Taiwanese HTC. In January 2012, "48 for LTE smartphones are on the market, six times the number six months ago," says the GSA (Global Mobile Suppliers Association). Among them, all the major manufacturers have answered the call, with the notable exception of Apple. Catalogs are provided the most offered by Samsung (17 smartphones LTE), LG (10) and HTC (7).

As for equipment for 4G networks, the battle is very fierce between manufacturers to be selected for the 226 to build networks in 76 countries. In this market, European manufacturers are the strongest. Sweden's Ericsson and French Alcatel-Lucent selected by both the largest U.S. operators, reap the biggest contracts. They got respectively 36.7% and 21.1% of the world in 2011, says research firm In-Stat. Then come the duo Nokia Siemens (11.7%), in the lap of the Finnish group, China's Huawei (9.9%) and other actors such Samsung, NEC, Cisco and ZTE.

The absolute independence of the European Central Bank vis-à-vis the policy preventing him from speaking. Mario Draghi has openly acknowledged Thursday: "I received a few minutes ago a call from the Greek prime minister said an agreement had been reached and endorsed by the major parties," said President of the ECB at its monthly press conference in Frankfurt. Thus he was able to announce before everyone else – maybe a little too quickly, given the float that followed in Athens – the good news entrusted to him by Lucas Papademos, the former vice President of the ECB.

But, according to the principle that it is easier to comment on the affairs of others than on his own, he refused to say clearly that the ECB may decide to reduce the debt of Athens, parallel commercial banks: "We are not part of negotiations. But what we hear is that the parts are pretty close to agreement. "

"Prohibited by the European treaties"

Pressed with questions, the successor to Jean-Claude Trichet ended up giving the key to participation of the ECB program "voluntary" Burden Reduction. "If the ECB redistributes some of its profits to the Member States of the ECB … it's not on monetary financing (public debt, which is prohibited by the European treaties), "he dropped. Clearly, it confirms one of the options that have been circulating for a week: the ECB could leave the unrealized gains on its purchase of Greek bonds. Which is approximately 12 billion, knowing that the bonds were acquired on the market at a discount and would be repaid at their face value at maturity.

By hiding again behind the texts prohibiting the bailout States, Mario Draghi shows the difficulty of his task. "The time is long when monetary policy was limited to setting interest rates. Since the debt crisis, the ECB must navigate waters very political, "says economist of a major French bank.

Inflation above the 2%

Monetary field itself, new relaxations are in any case by no means excluded. "Inflation should remain above 2% during the next few months, before falling back below 2%," said Mario Draghi. He worries more than ever a dry supply of bank credit: "We are actually concerned about the slowdown in the credit."

This is why the Governing Council decided to relax the rules on eligibility of collateral (securities pledged as collateral) that commercial banks have to raise cash. These conditions are changed to "temporarily" for seven national central banks, including Bank of France. "Residential real estate loans to individuals are eligible," said a statement released Thursday afternoon in Paris, which lists the technical conditions.

On a neighbor, Mario Draghi provides that the next issue of liquidity to three years, to be held on February 29, could be done "over the range of the previous operation of this type." The banks had obtained, 22 December 2011, 489 billion and 1% over three years.

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Wall Street closed on a nice increase on Tuesday. Finally the green, while the day was very hard: the Nasdaq fell 6.90%. On Tuesday, at the opening, the rebound was in order. And even if it was shaken by the Fed, which held a speech rather worrying to 20 hours (Paris time), the trend is finally returned to positive. At the close, the Dow actually increased from 3.98% to 11,240 points, with a surge in the last few minutes, and recross the threshold of 11,000 points, lost yesterday.The Standard & Poor's 500 and 100 Nadsad, very volatile, too, have finally rebounded 4.75% respectively) in 1173 and 5.29% points to 2483 points.

A sustained increase in contrast to the cold reception that investors gave the Fed about tonight: the Central Bank of the United States announced Tuesday it would keep its key interest rate near zero "in least until mid-2013 "and that it was considering new stimulus package to help the economy. These ads have been justified by growth 'considerably slower' than expected and risks "have increased". And investors did not like the Fed is so accommodating, a sign that the economy is really bad.But ultimately, they are relieved that the monetary authorities are behind them.

Also very anxious before the meeting with the Fed, the European and Asian market, have they finally closed in the green after a yoyo session. In Paris the CAC 40 fell below 3,000 points for the first time since July 2009. But the trend seems to have subsided, the indices being pressed into the green in the afternoon.

Global oil demand to decrease

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Tuesday lowered its forecast for growth in global demand for crude in 2011, citing deteriorating macroeconomic outlook in most advanced economies paydayloans. In its monthly report, OPEC reduced its forecast of 150,000 barrels per day (bpd) now and plans for this year growth in global demand of 1.21 million bpd of crude.In financial markets, oil prices ended Tuesday to its lowest level since September 29, 2010, yielding about 2.5%. On the Nymex, the contract on September U.S. crude (WTI) ended on a loss of 2.01 dollars, or 2.47% to 79.30 dollars a barrel. Meanwhile, Brent advanced yielded 1.74%, or 1.81 dollar to 101.93 dollars.

Earlier this afternoon, investors are aware of a new better than expected, but still not glorifying to the future of U.S. growth. Productivity, which measures hourly output per worker, fell at an annual rate of 0.3% over the period April to June after falling 0.6% the previous quarter (revised from 1.8%). The market expected it folds down from 0.8% in the second quarter.

Face communication at high risk of the Fed tonight, "it is clear that the average productivity of U.S. companies in the second quarter is very far from the concerns of the market and will go unnoticed" analysts suggest Aurel BGC. Especially since the figure is clearly negative, the victim of an increasingly weakened growth.

The market capitalization of U.S. computer maker Apple (5.89% to 374.01 dollars) briefly exceeded that of the oil giant ExxonMobbil (2.39% to 71.87 dollars) Tuesday, becoming the company's most expensive the world, said a specialist told AFP. The market capitalization of both groups were around 340 billion dollars in the afternoon in New York, told AFP Volokhine Gregory, head of markets for the company portfolio management Meeschaert New York.That of Apple rose temporarily above that of ExxonMobil to 7:20 p.m..